System and method for information protection

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented method for information protection comprises: determining one or more data inputs and one or more data outputs for a transaction, wherein the data inputs are associated with input data types respectively, and the data outputs are associated with output data types respectively; encrypting the input data types and the output data types; committing each of the encrypted input data types and the encrypted output data types with a commitment scheme to obtain corresponding commitment values; obtaining at least a parameter R based at least on the commitment values; and submitting the transaction to one or more nodes in a blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and without disclosure of the input data types and output data types for the nodes to verify consistency between the input data types and the output data types.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/877,276 filed on May 18, 2020, and entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INFORMATION PROTECTION,” which is a continuationapplication of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/708,249 filed on Dec.9, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,700,850, and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHODFOR INFORMATION PROTECTION.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/708,249is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/342,181 filed on Apr. 15, 2019 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORINFORMATION PROTECTION.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/342,181 isa national phase application of the International Application No.PCT/CN2018/117548, filed on Nov. 27, 2018. The contents of all of theabove-identified applications are incorporated by reference in theentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to methods and devices for informationprotection.

BACKGROUND

Privacy is important to communications and data transfers among varioususers. Without protection, the users are exposed to the risk of identitytheft, illegal transfer, or other potential losses. The risk becomeseven greater when the communications and transfers are implementedonline, because of the free access of online information.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments of the present disclosure include systems, methods,and non-transitory computer readable media for information protection.

According to one aspect, a computer-implemented method for informationprotection comprises: determining one or more data inputs and one ormore data outputs for a transaction, wherein the data inputs areassociated with input data types respectively, and the data outputs areassociated with output data types respectively; encrypting the inputdata types and the output data types; committing each of the encryptedinput data types and the encrypted output data types with a commitmentscheme to obtain corresponding commitment values; obtaining at least aparameter R based at least on the commitment values; and submitting thetransaction to one or more nodes in a blockchain network with disclosureof the parameter R and without disclosure of the input data types andoutput data types for the nodes to verify consistency between the inputdata types and the output data types.

In some embodiments, encrypting the input data types and the output datatypes comprises encrypting the input data types and the output datatypes with a hash function.

In some embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises a Pedersencommitment.

In some embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises at least a blindingfactor; and the blinding factor changes with time of committing theencrypted input data types and the encrypted output data types.

In some embodiments, the nodes are caused to verify the consistencybetween the input data types and the output data types without knowledgeof the input data types and output data types.

In some embodiments, the transaction is based at least on an UnspentTransaction Outputs (UTXO) model; and the data inputs and the dataoutputs comprise types of one or more assets undergoing the transaction.

In some embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises a plurality ofblinding factors respectively corresponding to the input data types andthe output data types; and obtaining at least the parameter R based atleast on the commitment values comprises: obtaining differences betweenpairs of the commitment values; concatenating the obtained differences;encrypting the concatenated differences with a hash function to obtainan encryption value x; and obtaining the parameter R based at least onthe encryption value x and differences between pairs of the blindingfactors.

In some embodiments, submitting the transaction to the one or more nodesin the blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and withoutdisclosure of the input data types and output data types for the nodesto verify consistency between the input data types and the output datatypes comprises submitting the transaction to the one or more nodes inthe blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and withoutdisclosure of the input data types and output data types to cause thenodes to: obtain the parameter R and a basepoint G; obtain differencesbetween pairs of the commitment values; concatenate the obtaineddifferences; encrypt the concatenated differences with a hash functionto obtain an encryption value x; obtain a sum C of polynomials based atleast on the obtained differences and the encryption value x; inresponse to determining that the sum C is equal to a product of theparameter R and the basepoint G, determine that the input data types andthe output data types are consistent; and in response to determiningthat the sum C is not equal to a product of the parameter R and thebasepoint G, determine that the input data types and the output datatypes are inconsistent.

According to another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium stores instructions to be executed by a processor to cause theprocessor to perform operations comprising: determining one or more datainputs and one or more data outputs for a transaction, wherein the datainputs are associated with input data types respectively, and the dataoutputs are associated with output data types respectively; encryptingthe input data types and the output data types; committing each of theencrypted input data types and the encrypted output data types with acommitment scheme to obtain corresponding commitment values; obtainingat least a parameter R based at least on the commitment values; andsubmitting the transaction to one or more nodes in a blockchain networkwith disclosure of the parameter R and without disclosure of the inputdata types and output data types for the nodes to verify consistencybetween the input data types and the output data types.

According to another aspect, a system for information protectioncomprises a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium coupled to the processor, the storage medium storing instructionsto be executed by the processor to cause the system to performoperations comprising: determining one or more data inputs and one ormore data outputs for a transaction, wherein the data inputs areassociated with input data types respectively, and the data outputs areassociated with output data types respectively; encrypting the inputdata types and the output data types; committing each of the encryptedinput data types and the encrypted output data types with a commitmentscheme to obtain corresponding commitment values; obtaining at least aparameter R based at least on the commitment values; and submitting thetransaction to one or more nodes in a blockchain network with disclosureof the parameter R and without disclosure of the input data types andoutput data types for the nodes to verify consistency between the inputdata types and the output data types.

According to another aspect, a computer-implemented method forinformation protection comprises: obtaining, by one or more nodes in ablockchain network, a transaction initiated by an initiator node. Thetransaction is associated with one or more data inputs and one or moredata outputs. The data inputs are respectively associated with inputdata types, and the data outputs are respectively associated with outputdata types respectively. The input data types and the output data typesare encrypted and committed to a commitment scheme to obtaincorresponding commitment values. The input data types and output datatypes are not disclosed to the one or more nodes. The informationprotection method further comprises: verifying, by the one or morenodes, consistency between the input data types and the output datatypes; in response to determining that the input data types and theoutput data types are consistent, adding, by the one or more nodes, thetransaction to the blockchain network; and in response to determiningthat the input data types and the output data types are inconsistent,rejecting, by the one or more nodes, the transaction from being added tothe blockchain network.

In some embodiments, verifying the consistency between the input datatypes and the output data types comprises: obtaining a parameter R and abasepoint G; obtaining differences between pairs of the commitmentvalues; concatenating the obtained differences; encrypting theconcatenated differences with a hash function to obtain an encryptionvalue x; obtaining a sum C of polynomials based at least on the obtaineddifferences and the encryption value x; and determining if the sum C isequal to a product of the parameter R and the basepoint G.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: in response todetermining that the sum C is equal to the product of the parameter Rand the basepoint G, determining that the input data types and theoutput data types are consistent; and in response to determining thatthe sum C is not equal to the product of the parameter R and thebasepoint G, determining that the input data types and the output datatypes are inconsistent.

In some embodiments, the one or more nodes comprise consensus nodes.

According to another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium stores instructions to be executed by a processor to cause theprocessor to perform operations comprising: obtaining, by one or morenodes in a blockchain network, a transaction initiated by an initiatornode. The transaction is associated with one or more data inputs and oneor more data outputs. The data inputs are respectively associated withinput data types, and the data outputs are respectively associated withoutput data types respectively. The input data types and the output datatypes are encrypted and committed to a commitment scheme to obtaincorresponding commitment values. The input data types and output datatypes are not disclosed to the one or more nodes. The operations furthercomprise: verifying, by the one or more nodes, consistency between theinput data types and the output data types; in response to determiningthat the input data types and the output data types are consistent,adding, by the one or more nodes, the transaction to the blockchainnetwork; and in response to determining that the input data types andthe output data types are inconsistent, rejecting, by the one or morenodes, the transaction from being added to the blockchain network.

According to another aspect, a system for information protectioncomprises a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium coupled to the processor, the storage medium storing instructionsto be executed by the processor to cause the system to performoperations comprising: obtaining, by one or more nodes in a blockchainnetwork, a transaction initiated by an initiator node. The transactionis associated with one or more data inputs and one or more data outputs.The data inputs are respectively associated with input data types, andthe data outputs are respectively associated with output data typesrespectively. The input data types and the output data types areencrypted and committed to a commitment scheme to obtain correspondingcommitment values. The input data types and output data types are notdisclosed to the one or more nodes. The operations further comprise:verifying, by the one or more nodes, consistency between the input datatypes and the output data types; in response to determining that theinput data types and the output data types are consistent, adding, bythe one or more nodes, the transaction to the blockchain network; and inresponse to determining that the input data types and the output datatypes are inconsistent, rejecting, by the one or more nodes, thetransaction from being added to the blockchain network.

These and other features of the systems, methods, and non-transitorycomputer readable media disclosed herein, as well as the methods ofoperation and functions of the related elements of structure and thecombination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become moreapparent upon consideration of the following description and theappended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, all ofwhich form a part of this specification, wherein like reference numeralsdesignate corresponding parts in the various figures. It is to beexpressly understood, however, that the drawings are for purposes ofillustration and description only and are not intended as a definitionof the limits of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Certain features of various embodiments of the present technology areset forth with particularity in the appended claims. A betterunderstanding of the features and advantages of the technology will beobtained by reference to the following detailed description that setsforth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the inventionare utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system for information protection, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary steps for transaction initiation andverification, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for informationprotection, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method for informationprotection, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computer system inwhich any of the embodiments described herein may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Blockchain may be considered as a decentralized database, commonlyreferred to as a distributed ledger because the operation is performedby various nodes (e.g., computing devices) in a network. Any informationmay be written to the blockchain and saved or read from it. Anyone mayset up a server and join the blockchain network to become a node. Anynode may contribute computing power to maintain the blockchain byperforming complex computations, such as hash calculation to add a blockto a current blockchain, and the added block may contain various typesof data or information. The node that contributed the computing powerfor the added block may be rewarded with a token (e.g., digital currencyunit). Since the blockchain has no central node, each node is equal andholds the entire blockchain database.

Nodes are, for example, computing devices or large computer systems thatsupport the blockchain network and keep it running smoothly. Nodes maybe run by individuals or groups of people who contribute money towardsbuying powerful computer systems, known as mining rigs. There are twotypes of nodes, full nodes and lightweight nodes. Full nodes keep acomplete copy of the blockchain. The full nodes on the blockchainnetwork validate transactions and blocks they receive and relay them toconnected peers for providing consensus verification of thetransactions. Lightweight nodes, on the other hand, only download afraction of the blockchain. For example, lightweight nodes are used fordigital currency transactions. A lightweight node will communicate to afull node when it wants to transact.

This decentralization property can help prevent the emergence of amanagement center in a controlled position. For example, the maintenanceof the bitcoin blockchain is performed by the network of communicationnodes of the bitcoin software in the running area. That is, instead ofbanks, institutions, or administrators in the traditional sense,multiple intermediaries exist in a form of computer servers executingbitcoin software. These computer servers form a network connected viathe Internet, wherein anyone can potentially join the network.Transactions accommodated by the network may be of a form: “user A wantsto send Z bitcoins to user B,” wherein the transactions are broadcast tothe network using readily available software applications. The computerservers function as bitcoin servers that are operable to validate thesefinancial transactions, add a record of them to their copy of theledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other servers ofthe network.

Maintaining the blockchain is referred to as “mining,” and those who dosuch maintenance are rewarded with newly created bitcoins andtransaction fees as aforementioned. For example, nodes may determine ifthe transactions are valid based on a set of rules the blockchainnetwork has agreed to. Miners may be located on any continent andprocess payments by verifying each transaction as valid and adding it tothe blockchain. Such verification is achieved via consensus provided bya plurality of miners and assumes that there is no systematic collusion.In the end, all data will be consistent, because the computation has tomeet certain requirements to be valid and all nodes will be synchronizedto ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

Through the mining process, transactions such as asset transfers areverified and added to a growing chain of blocks of a blockchain bynetwork nodes. By traversing the entire blockchain, the verification mayinclude, for example, whether the paying party has access to thetransferring asset, whether the asset had been spent before, whether thetransferring amount is correct, etc. For example, in a hypotheticaltransaction (e.g., a transaction of bitcoins under a UTXO (unspenttransaction output) model) signed off by a sender, the proposedtransaction may be broadcast to the blockchain network for mining. Aminer needs to check if the transaction is eligible to be executedaccording to the blockchain history. If the sender's wallet balance hassufficient funds according to the existing blockchain history, thetransaction is considered valid and can be added to the block. Onceverified, the asset transfers may be included in the next block to beadded to the blockchain.

A block is much like a database record. Each time writing data creates ablock. These blocks are linked and protected using cryptography tobecome interconnected networks. Each block is connected to the previousblock, which is also the origin of the name “blockchain.” Each blockusually contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, thegeneration time, and the actual data. For instance, each block containstwo parts: a block header to record the feature value of the currentblock, and a body to record actual data (e.g., transaction data). Thechain of blocks are linked via the block headers. Each block header maycontain multiple feature values, such as version, previous block hash,merkle root, timestamp, difficulty target, and nonce. The previous blockhash contains not only the address of the previous block, but also thehash of the data inside the previous block, thus making the blockchainsimmutable. The nonce is a number which, when included, yields a hashwith a specified number of leading zero bits.

For mining, the hash of the contents of the new block is taken by anode. The nonce (e.g., random string) is appended to the hash to obtaina new string. The new string is hashed again. The final hash is thencompared to the difficulty target (e.g., a level) and determined whetherthe final hash is actually less than the difficulty target or not. Ifnot, then the nonce is changed and the process repeats again. If yes,then the block is added to the chain and the public ledger is updatedand alerted of the addition. The node responsible for the successfuladdition is rewarded with bitcoins, for example, by adding a rewardtransaction to itself into the new block (known as coinbase generation).

That is, for every output “Y”, if k is chosen from a distribution withhigh min-entropy it is infeasible to find an input x such that H(k|x)=Y,where K is the nonce, x is the hash of the block, Y is the difficultytarget, and “|” denotes concatenation. On account of cryptographichashes being essentially random, in the sense that their output cannotbe predicted from their inputs, there is only one known way to find thenonce: to try out integers one after the other, for example 1, then 2,then 3, and so on, which may be known as brute-force. The larger thenumber of leading zeros, the longer on average it will take to find arequisite nonce Y. In one example, the bitcoin system constantly adjuststhe number of leading zeros, so that the average time to find a nonce isabout ten minutes. That way, as processing capabilities of computinghardware increase with time, over the years, the bitcoin protocol willsimply require more leading zero bits to make mining always take aduration of about ten minutes to implement.

As described, hashing is an important cornerstone for blockchain, Thehash algorithm can be understood as a function that compresses messagesof any length into a fixed-length message digest. More commonly used areMD5 and SHA. In some embodiments, the hash length of the blockchain is256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a256-bit binary number is finally calculated. And it can be guaranteedthat the corresponding hash is unique as long as the original content isdifferent. For example, the hash of the string “123” isa8fdc205a9f19cc1c7507a60c4f01b13d11d7fd0 (hexadecimal), which has 256bits when converted to binary, and only “123” has this hash. The hashalgorithm in the blockchain is irreversible, that is, the forwardcalculation is easy (from “123” to a8fdc205a9f19cc1c7507a60c4f01b1c7507a60c4f01b13d11d7fd0), and the reverse calculationcannot be done even if all computing resources are exhausted. Thus, thehash of each block of the blockchain is unique. [37] Further, if thecontent of the block changes, its hash will change. The block and thehash are in one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block isspecifically calculated for the block header. That is, the featurevalues of the block headers are connected to form a long string, andthen the hash is calculated for the string. For example, “Hash=SHA256(block header)” is a block hash calculation formula, SHA256 is ablockchain hash algorithm applied to block header. The hash is uniquelydetermined by the block header, and not the block body. As mentionedabove, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash ofthe current block, and the hash of the previous block. This means thatif the contents of the current block change, or if the hash of theprevious block changes, it will cause a hash change in the currentblock. If hacker modifies a block, the hash of that block changes. Inorder for a later block to connect to the modified block, the hackermust modify all subsequent blocks in turn, because the next block mustcontain the hash of the previous block. Otherwise the modified blockwill be detached from the blockchain. Due to design reasons, hashcalculations are time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modifymultiple blocks in a short period of time unless the hacker has masteredmore than 51% of the computing power of the entire network. Thus, theblockchain guarantees its own reliability, and once the data is written,it cannot be tampered with.

Once the miner finds the hash (that is, an eligible signature orsolution) for the new block, the miner broadcasts this signature to allthe other miners (nodes of the blockchain). Other miners now verify intheir turn if that solution corresponds with the problem of the sender'sblock (that is, determine if the hash input actually results in thatsignature). If the solution is valid, the other miners will confirm thesolution and agree that the new block can be added to the blockchain.Thus, the consensus of the new block is reached. This is also known as“proof of work.” The block for which consensus has been reached can nowbe added to the blockchain and is broadcast to all nodes on the networkalong with its signature. The nodes will accept the block and save it totheir transaction data as long as the transactions inside the blockcorrespond correctly with the current wallet balances (transactionhistory) at that point in time. Every time a new block gets added on topof this block, the addition also counts as another “confirmation” forthe blocks before it. For example, if a transaction is included in block502, and the blockchain is 507 blocks long, it means the transaction hasfive confirmations (corresponding to blocks 507 to 502). The moreconfirmations the transaction has, the harder it is for attackers toalter.

In some embodiments, an exemplary blockchain asset system utilizespublic-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public keyand one private key, are generated. The public key can be thought of asbeing an account number, and the private key can be thought of as beingownership credentials. For example, a bitcoin wallet is a collection ofthe public and private keys. Ownership of an asset (e.g., digitalcurrency, cash asset, stock, equity, bond) associated with a certainasset address can be demonstrated with knowledge of the private keybelonging to the address. For example, bitcoin wallet software,sometimes referred as being “bitcoin client software”, allows a givenuser to transact bitcoins. A wallet program generates and stores privatekeys and communicates with peers on the bitcoin network.

In blockchain transactions, payers and payees are identified in theblockchain by their public cryptographic keys. For example, mostcontemporary bitcoin transfers are from one public key to a differentpublic key. In practice hashes of these keys are used in the blockchainand are called “bitcoin addresses.” In principle, if a hypotheticalattacker person S could steal money from person A by simply addingtransactions to the blockchain ledger like “person A pays person S 100bitcoins,” using the users' bitcoin addresses instead of their names.The bitcoin protocol prevents this kind of theft by requiring everytransfer to be digitally signed with the payer's private key, and onlysigned transfers can be added to the blockchain ledger. Since person Scannot forge person A's signature, person S cannot defraud person A byadding an entry to the blockchain equivalent to “person A pays person S200 bitcoins.” At the same time, anyone can verify person A's signatureusing his/her public key, and therefore that he/she has authorized anytransaction in the blockchain where he/she is the payer.

In the bitcoin transaction context, to transfer some bitcoins to user B,user A may construct a record containing information about thetransaction through a node. The record may be signed with user A'ssigning key (private key) and contains user A's public verification keyand user B's public verification key. The signature is used to confirmthat the transaction has come from the user, and also prevents thetransaction from being altered by anyone once it has been issued. Therecord bundled with other record that took place in the same time windowin a new block may be broadcast to the full nodes. Upon receiving therecords, the full nodes may work on incorporating the records into theledge of all transactions that have ever taken place in the blockchainsystem, adding the new block to a previously-accepted blockchain throughthe above-described mining process, and validate the added block againstthe network's consensus rules.

User A's asset to be transferred may be in a form of UTXO (unspenttransaction output). UTXO is a blockchain object model. Under UTXO,assets are represented by outputs of blockchain transactions that havenot been spent, which can be used as inputs in new transactions. Tospend (transact) the asset, the user has to sign off with the privatekey. Bitcoin is an example of a digital currency that uses the UTXOmodel. In the case of a valid blockchain transaction, unspent outputsmay be used to effect further transactions. In some embodiments, onlyunspent outputs may be used in further transactions to prevent doublespending and fraud. For this reason, inputs on a blockchain are deletedwhen a transaction occurs, whilst at the same time, outputs are createdin the form of UTXOs. These unspent transaction outputs may be used (bythe holders of private keys, for example, persons with digital currencywallets) for the purpose of future transactions.

Since the blockchain and other similar ledgers are completely public,the blockchain itself has no privacy protection. The public nature ofP2P network means that, while those who use it are not identified byname, linking transactions to individuals and companies is feasible. Forexample, in cross-border remittances or in the supply chain, asset typeshave an extremely high level of privacy protection value, because withthe asset type information, it is possible to infer the specificlocation and identities of the transaction parties. Asset type maycomprise, for example, money, digital currency, contract, deed, medicalrecord, customer detail, stock, bond, equity, or the type of any otherasset that can be described in digital form. Though the UTXO modelprovides anonymity to the identities and transaction amounts, and hasbeen applied to Monero and Zcash, the transaction asset type remainsunprotected. Thus, a technical problem address by the present disclosureis how to protect online information such as the privacy of asset typein transactions. The disclosed systems and methods can be integratedinto the UTXO model to provide privacy protection for a variety oftransaction contents.

During transactions, information protection is important to secure userprivacy, and transaction asset type is one type of information that haslacked protection. FIG. 1 shows an exemplary system 100 for informationprotection, in accordance with various embodiments. As shown, ablockchain network may comprise a plurality of nodes (e.g., full nodesimplemented in servers, computers, etc.). For some blockchain platform(e.g., NEO), full nodes with certain level of voting power may bereferred to as consensus nodes, which assume the responsibility oftransaction verification. In this disclosure, full nodes, consensusnodes, or other equivalent nodes can verify the transaction.

Also, as shown in FIG. 1, user A and user B may use correspondingdevices, such as laptops and mobile phones serving as lightweight nodesto perform transactions. For example, user A may want to transact withuser B by transferring some asset in user A's account to user B'saccount. User A and user B may use corresponding devices installed withan appropriate blockchain software for the transaction. User A's devicemay be referred to as an initiator node A that initiates a transactionwith user B's device referred to as recipient node B. Node A may accessthe blockchain through communication with node 1, and Node B may accessthe blockchain through communication with node 2. For example, node Aand node B may submit transactions to the blockchain through node 1 andnode 2 to request adding the transactions to the blockchain. Off theblockchain, node A and node B may have other channels of communication.For example, node A and node B may obtain each other's public keythrough regular internet communication.

Each of the nodes in FIG. 1 may comprise a processor and anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions tobe executed by the processor to cause the node (e.g., the processor ofthe node) to perform various steps for information protection describedherein. The each node may be installed with a software (e.g.,transaction program) and/or hardware (e.g., wires, wireless connections)to communicate with other nodes and/or other devices. Further details ofthe node hardware and software are described later with reference toFIG. 5.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary steps for transaction initiation andverification, in accordance with various embodiments.

The transaction initiation may be implemented by the initiator node. Insome embodiments, each type of asset type may be mapped or assigned to aunique identification. For example, the unique identification may be aserial number sn computed in the following way:

Step 1.2 sn=Hash (asset type)

where Hash( ) is a hash function. Further, the asset type may beencrypted by a commitment scheme (e.g., Pedersen commitment) as follows:

Step 1.3 C(sn)=r×G+sn×H

where r is a random blinding factor (alternatively referred to asbinding factor) that provides hiding, G and H are the publicly agreedgenerators/basepoints of the elliptic curve and may be chosen randomly,sn is the value of the commitment, C(sn) is the curve point used ascommitment and given to the counterparty, and H is another curve point.That is, G and H may be known parameters to nodes. A “nothing up mysleeve” generation of H may be generated by hashing the basepoint G witha hash function mapping from a point to another with H=Hash(G). H and Gare the public parameters of the given system (e.g., randomly generatedpoints on an elliptic curve). The sender node may have published H and Gto all nodes. Although the above provides an example of Pedersencommitment in elliptic curve form, various other forms of Pedersencommitment or other commitment schemes may be alternatively used.

A commitment scheme maintains data secrecy but commits to the data sothat it cannot be changed later by the sender of the data. If a partyonly knows the commitment value (e.g., C(sn)), they cannot determinewhat underlying data values (e.g., sn) have been committing to. Both thedata (e.g., sn) and the blinding factor (e.g., r) may be revealed later(e.g., by the initiator node), and a recipient (e.g., consensus node) ofthe commitment can run the commitment and verify that the committed datamatches the revealed data. The blinding factor is present becausewithout one, someone could try guessing at the data.

Commitment schemes are a way for the sender (committing party) to committo a value (e.g., sn) such that the value committed remains private, butcan be revealed at a later time when the committing party divulges anecessary parameter of the commitment process. Strong commitment schemesmay be both information hiding and computationally binding. Hidingrefers to the notion that a given value sn and a commitment of thatvalue C(sn) should be unrelatable. That is, C(sn) should reveal noinformation about sn. With C(sn), G, and H known, it is almostimpossible to know sn because of the random number r. A commitmentscheme is binding if there is no plausible way that two different valuescan result in the same commitment. A Pedersen commitment is perfectlyhiding and computationally binding under the discrete logarithmassumption.

A Pedersen commitment has an additional property: commitments can beadded, and the sum of a set of commitments is the same as a commitmentto the sum of the data (with a blinding key set as the sum of theblinding keys): C(BF1, data1)+C(BF2, data2)==C(BF1+BF2, data1+data2);C(BF1, data1)−C(BF1, data1)==0. In other words, the commitment preservesaddition and the commutative property applies, i.e., the Pedersencommitment is additively homomorphic, in that the underlying data may bemanipulated mathematically as if it is not encrypted.

In one embodiment, a Pedersen commitment used to encrypt the input valuemay be constructed using elliptic curve points. Conventionally, anelliptic curve cryptography (ECC) pubkey is created by multiplying agenerator for the group (G) with the secret key (r): Pub=rG. The resultmay be serialized as a 33-byte array. ECC public keys may obey theadditively homomorphic property mentioned before with respect toPedersen commitments. That is: Pub1+Pub2=(r1+r2(mod n))G.

The Pedersen commitment for the input value may be created by picking anadditional generator for the group (H, in the equations below) such thatno one knows the discrete log for second generator H with respect tofirst generator G (or vice versa), meaning no one knows an x such thatxG=H. This may be accomplished, for example, by using the cryptographichash of G to pick H: H=to_point(SHA256(ENCODE(G))).

Given the two generators G and H, an exemplary commitment scheme toencrypt the input value may be defined as: commitment=rG+aH. Here, r maybe the secret blinding factor, and a may be the input value beingcommitting to. Hence, if sn is committed, the above-described commitmentscheme C(sn)=r×G+sn×H can be obtained. The Pedersen commitments areinformation-theoretically private: for any commitment, there exists someblinding factor which would make any amount match the commitment. ThePedersen commitments may be computationally secure against fakecommitment, in that the arbitrary mapping may not be computed.

The party (node) that committed the value may open the commitment bydisclosing the original value sn and the factor r that completes thecommitment equation. The party wishing to open the value C(sn) will thencompute the commitment again to verify that the original value sharedindeed matches the commitment C(sn) initially received. Thus, the assettype information can be protected by mapping it to a unique serialnumber, and then encrypting it by Pedersen commitment. The random numberr chosen when generating the commitment makes it almost impossible foranyone to infer the type of asset type that is committed according tothe commitment value C(sn).

In some embodiments, when incorporating the asset type informationprotection method under the UTXO model, the consistency of the assettype of input (sn_in) and the asset type of the output (sn_out) of atransaction may be verified to determine the validity of thetransaction. For example, the blockchain nodes may reject transactionsor blocks that fail the consistency test that sn_in==sn_out. Since theasset type sn is encrypted (e.g., by Pedersen commitment), theconsistency test is to verify if C(sn_in)==C(sn_out).

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, step 1, a UTXO-type transactionmay comprise m inputs (e.g., available assets) and n outputs (e.g.,transferred assets and remaining assets). The inputs may be denoted assn_in_k, where 1≤k≤m and the outputs may be denoted as sn_out_k, where1≤k≤n. Some of the outputs may be transferred to the recipient node B,while the remaining outputs may go back to the initiator node A. Forexample, in a hypothetical transaction, user A may possess a total of 5bitcoins and 10 stocks in his wallet, and for transaction inputs,sn_in_132 Hash(bitcoin) and sn_in_2==Hash(stock). If user A wants totransfer 3 bitcoins to user B, for transaction outputs,sn_out_1=Hash(bitcoin), sn_out_2=Hash(bitcoin), andsn_out_3=Hash(stock), whereby one of the bitcoin outputs (3 bitcoins) isaddressed to user B, and the other bitcoin output (2 bitcoins) and thestock output are addressed back to user A.

Therefore, in some embodiments, the input corresponding asset type maybe encrypted in the form:

C_in_k=r_in_k×G+sn_in_k×H, where 1≤k≤m

The output asset type corresponds to the encryption form:

C_out_k=r_out_k×G+sn_out_k×H, where 1≤k≤n

With the asset types being hidden, the transaction initiator needs toprove to the nodes (e.g., full nodes, consensus nodes) that the inputasset types of the transaction are respectively consistent with theoutput asset types. Accordingly, the full nodes can verify if thetransaction is valid.

In some embodiments, to initiate a UTXO-type transaction with asset typehidden by Pedersen commitment, the transaction initiator may selectappropriate inputs and outputs to perform Steps 2.1 to 2.5 below(corresponding to FIG. 2, step 2):

Step 2.1 Calculate

C_1 = C_in_1 − C_in_2, C_2 = C_in_2 − C_in_3, …C_(m − 1) = C_in_(m − 1) − C_in_m, C_m = C_out_1 − C_out_2, C_(m + 1) = C_out_2 − C_out_3, …C_(m + n − 2) = C_out_(n − 1) − C_out_n, C_(m + n − 1) = C_in_1 − C_out_1;

Step 2.2 Calculate x=Hash (C_1∥C_2∥C_3∥. . . C_(m+n−1)), where “∥”represents concatenation;

Step 2.3 Calculate C=C_1+x×C_2+x²×C_3+. . .+x^((m+n−2))×C_(m+n−1). Notethat the polynomial terms may correspond to those in Step 2.1;

Step 2.4 CalculateR=(r_in_1−r_in_2)+x×(r_in_2−r_in_3)+x²×(r_in_3−r_in_4)+. ..+x^((m+n−2))×(r_in_1−r_out_1). Note that the polynomial terms maycorrespond to those in Step 2.1, for example, (r_in_1−r_in_2)corresponds to C_in_1−C_in_2;

Step 2.5 Publish R to nodes, e.g., in a broadcast of transactioninformation.

In some embodiments, to verify that the input asset types and the outputasset types are consistent, there must be C=R×G. For example, duringtransaction verification, the nodes perform Steps 3.1 to 3.3(corresponding to FIG. 2, Step 3.1-3.3) below to verify if thetransaction asset type is consistent:

Step 3.1 Calculate x=Hash (C_1∥C_2∥C_3∥. . . C_(m+n−1));

Step 3.2 Calculate C=C_1+x×C_2+x²×C_3+. . .+x^((m+n−2))×C_(m+n−1);

Step 3.3 Verify if C=R×G. If C=R×G, the asset type is consistent;otherwise, the asset type is inconsistent, and the transaction isrejected. In some embodiments, the C(sn) may be published to the nodes,and the algorithms of Steps 2.1-2.3 are known to the nodes (e.g.,including the node submitting the transaction and the nodes verifyingthe transaction). Thus, the nodes verifying the transaction may carryout the Steps 3.1 to 3.3 accordingly to perform the verification. Thus,the rejected transaction will not be added to the blockchain. Shown asstep 4 in FIG. 2, based on the consistency determination, the nodes maydetermine whether to add the transaction to the blockchain or rejectadding the transaction.

As such, a transaction initiator can submit information for blockchainnodes to verify the transaction based on the consistency of asset typesinput to and output from the transaction without disclosing the actualasset types and without the ability to alter the submitted information.Allocating serial numbers (e.g., hashes) for each asset type enlargesand randomizes the representation of each asset type, making itdifficult for the transaction initiator to forge an asset type to passthe verification. Further, because of the existence of the random numberr, the same asset type encrypted at different times are not the same.Applying the Pedersen commitment to encrypt the asset type hash enhancesthe privacy protection of the asset type to an even higher level. Thus,though Steps 2.1 to 2.5, the transaction initiator can prove to theother nodes that the asset types of the transaction are valid withoutdisclosing the asset types. For instance, differences between the inputand output asset types are obtained and based on which, polynomials areconstructed, so that the transaction initiator may pass the transformedasset types to the other nodes to prove the consistency of the assettypes and the validity of the transaction. At the same time, theprobability of the transaction initiator or other node being able toforge the asset type can be neglected, because x is computed by hashingto serve as the base of various exponentials in polynomials. Inaddition, the disclosure of R allows the other nodes to verify that theasset types in the transaction are consistent without knowing the assettypes through Steps 3.1 to 3.3. Therefore, with the disclosed systemsand methods, data information can be verified by third-parties whilemaintaining exceptional privacy protection.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 300 forinformation protection, according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. The method 300 may be implemented by one or more components(e.g., node A) of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The method 300 may beimplemented by a system or device (e.g., computer) comprising aprocessor and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g.,memory) storing instructions to be executed by the processor to causethe system or device (e.g., the processor) to perform the method 300.The operations of method 300 presented below are intended to beillustrative. Depending on the implementation, the exemplary method 300may include additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in variousorders or in parallel.

Block 301 comprises: determining one or more data inputs and one or moredata outputs for a transaction, wherein the data inputs are associatedwith input data types respectively, and the data outputs are associatedwith output data types respectively. See, e.g., Step 1 in FIG. 2. Insome embodiments, the transaction is based at least on an UnspentTransaction Outputs (UTXO) model; and the data inputs and the dataoutputs comprise types of one or more assets undergoing the transactionbetween a sender (initiator node) and a recipient (recipient node).Asset type may comprise, for example, money, digital currency, contract,deed, medical record, customer detail, stock, bond, equity, or the typeof any other asset that can be described in digital form.

Block 302 comprises: encrypting the input data types and the output datatypes. See, e.g., Step 1.2 described above. In some embodiments,encrypting the input data types and the output data types comprisesencrypting each of the input data types and the output data types with ahash function or another one-way function.

Block 303 comprises: committing each of the encrypted input data typesand the encrypted output data types with a commitment scheme to obtaincorresponding commitment values. See, e.g., Step 1.3 described above. Insome embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises a Pedersen commitment.In some embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises at least a blindingfactor; and the blinding factor changes with time of committing theencrypted input data types and the encrypted output data types. That is,even the same data (e.g., same data type) committed at different timeswould be different commitment values due to the changing blindingfactor.

Block 304 comprises: obtaining at least a parameter R based at least onthe commitment values. See, e.g., Steps 2.1 to 2.4 described above. Insome embodiments, the commitment scheme comprises a plurality ofblinding factors respectively corresponding to the input data types andthe output data types (see, e.g., r_in_k and r_out_k); and obtaining atleast the parameter R based at least on the commitment values comprises:obtaining differences between pairs of the commitment values (see, e.g.,Step 2.1 for various pairs of the commitment values among the inputasset types and the output asset types, for which the differences may beobtained); concatenating the obtained differences (see, e.g., Step 2.2);encrypting the concatenated differences with a hash function to obtainan encryption value x (see, e.g., Step 2.2); and obtaining the parameterR based at least on the encryption value x and differences between pairsof the blinding factors (see, e.g., Step 2.4).

Block 305 comprises: submitting the transaction to one or more nodes ina blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and withoutdisclosure of the input data types and output data types for the nodesto verify consistency between the input data types and the output datatypes. In some embodiments, the nodes are caused to verify theconsistency between the input data types and the output data typeswithout knowledge of the input data types and output data types.

In some embodiments, submitting the transaction to the one or more nodesin the blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and withoutdisclosure of the input data types and output data types for the nodesto verify consistency between the input data types and the output datatypes comprises submitting the transaction to the one or more nodes inthe blockchain network with disclosure of the parameter R and withoutdisclosure of the input data types and output data types to cause thenodes to: obtain the parameter R and a basepoint G (see, e.g., the G inStep 3.1. H and G may be public parameters available to all nodes);obtain differences between pairs of the commitment values of the inputasset types and the output asset types (see, e.g., a step similar toStep 2.1); concatenate the obtained differences (see, e.g., Step 3.1);encrypt the concatenated differences with a hash function to obtain anencryption value x (see, e.g., Step 3.1); obtain a sum C of polynomialsbased at least on the obtained differences and the encryption value x(see, e.g., Step 3.2); in response to determining that the sum C isequal to a product of the parameter R and the basepoint G, determinethat the input data types and the output data types are consistent andadd the transaction to the blockchain(see, e.g., Step 3.3); and inresponse to determining that the sum C is not equal to a product of theparameter R and the basepoint G, determine that the input data types andthe output data types are inconsistent and reject adding the transactionto the blockchain (see, e.g., Step 3.3).

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 400 forinformation protection, according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. The method 400 may be implemented by one or more components(e.g., node i) of the system 100 of FIG. 1. The node i may comprise afull node implemented on a server. The method 400 may be implemented bya system or device (e.g., computer) comprising a processor and anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., memory) storinginstructions to be executed by the processor to cause the system ordevice (e.g., the processor) to perform the method 400. The operationsof method 400 presented below are intended to be illustrative. Dependingon the implementation, the exemplary method 400 may include additional,fewer, or alternative steps performed in various orders or in parallel.

Block 401 comprises: obtaining, by one or more nodes (e.g., consensusnodes) in a blockchain network, a transaction initiated by an initiatornode. The transaction is associated with one or more data inputs and oneor more data outputs. The data inputs are respectively associated withinput data types, and the data outputs are respectively associated withoutput data types respectively. The input data types and the output datatypes are encrypted and committed to a commitment scheme to obtaincorresponding commitment values. The input data types and output datatypes are not disclosed to the one or more nodes.

Block 402 comprises: verifying, by the one or more nodes, consistencybetween the input data types and the output data types. In someembodiments, verifying the consistency between the input data types andthe output data types comprises: obtaining a parameter R and a basepointG (see, e.g., the R in Step 2.4 and 2.5, the G in Step 3.1); obtainingdifferences between pairs of the commitment values of the input assettypes and the output asset types (see, e.g., a step similar to Step2.1); concatenating the obtained differences (see, e.g., Step 3.1);encrypting the concatenated differences with a hash function to obtainan encryption value x (see, e.g., Step 3.1); obtaining a sum C ofpolynomials based at least on the obtained differences and theencryption value x (see, e.g., Step 3.2); and determining if the sum Cis equal to a product of the parameter R and the basepoint G (see, e.g.,Step 3.3).

Block 403 comprises: in response to determining that the input datatypes and the output data types are consistent, adding, by the one ormore nodes, the transaction to the blockchain network.

Block 404 comprises: in response to determining that the input datatypes and the output data types are inconsistent, rejecting, by the oneor more nodes, the transaction from being added to the blockchainnetwork.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises: in response todetermining that the sum C is equal to the product of the parameter Rand the basepoint G, determining that the input data types and theoutput data types are consistent; and in response to determining thatthe sum C is not equal to the product of the parameter R and thebasepoint G, determining that the input data types and the output datatypes are inconsistent.

As such, a transaction initiator can submit information for blockchainnodes to verify the transaction based on the consistency of asset typesinput to and output from the transaction without disclosing the actualasset types and without the ability to alter the submitted information.Allocating serial numbers (e.g., hashes) for each asset type enlargesand randomizes the representation of each asset type, making itdifficult for the transaction initiator to forge an asset type to passthe verification. Further, because of the existence of the random numberr, the same asset type encrypted at different times are not the same.Applying the Pedersen commitment to encrypt the asset type hash enhancesthe privacy protection of the asset type to an even higher level. Thus,though Steps 2.1 to 2.5, the transaction initiator can prove to theother nodes that the asset types of the transaction are valid withoutdisclosing the asset types. For instance, differences between the inputand output asset types are obtained and based on which, polynomials areconstructed, so that the transaction initiator may pass the transformedasset types to the other nodes to prove the consistency of the assettypes and the validity of the transaction. At the same time, theprobability of the transaction initiator or other node being able toforge the asset type can be neglected, because x is computed by hashingto serve as the base of various exponentials in polynomials. Inaddition, the disclosure of R allows the other nodes to verify that theasset types in the transaction are consistent without knowing the assettypes through Steps 3.1 to 3.3. Therefore, with the disclosed systemsand methods, data information can be verified by third-parties whilemaintaining exceptional privacy protection.

The techniques described herein are implemented by one or morespecial-purpose computing devices. The special-purpose computing devicesmay be desktop computer systems, server computer systems, portablecomputer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or any otherdevice or combination of devices that incorporate hard-wired and/orprogram logic to implement the techniques. Computing device(s) aregenerally controlled and coordinated by operating system software.Conventional operating systems control and schedule computer processesfor execution, perform memory management, provide file system,networking, I/O services, and provide a user interface functionality,such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), among other things.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 500 uponwhich any of the embodiments described herein may be implemented. Thesystem 500 may be implemented in any of the nodes described herein andconfigured to perform corresponding steps for information protectionmethods. The computer system 500 includes a bus 502 or othercommunication mechanism for communicating information, one or morehardware processor(s) 504 coupled with bus 502 for processinginformation. Hardware processor(s) 504 may be, for example, one or moregeneral purpose microprocessors.

The computer system 500 also includes a main memory 506, such as arandom access memory (RAM), cache and/or other dynamic storage devices,coupled to bus 502 for storing information and instructions to beexecuted by processor(s) 504. Main memory 506 also may be used forstoring temporary variables or other intermediate information duringexecution of instructions to be executed by processor(s) 504. Suchinstructions, when stored in storage media accessible to processor(s)504, render computer system 500 into a special-purpose machine that iscustomized to perform the operations specified in the instructions. Thecomputer system 500 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 508 orother static storage device coupled to bus 502 for storing staticinformation and instructions for processor(s) 504. A storage device 510,such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or USB thumb drive (Flash drive),etc., is provided and coupled to bus 502 for storing information andinstructions.

The computer system 500 may implement the techniques described hereinusing customized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmwareand/or program logic which in combination with the computer systemcauses or programs computer system 500 to be a special-purpose machine.According to one embodiment, the operations, methods, and processesdescribed herein are performed by computer system 500 in response toprocessor(s) 504 executing one or more sequences of one or moreinstructions contained in main memory 506. Such instructions may be readinto main memory 506 from another storage medium, such as storage device510. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory506 causes processor(s) 504 to perform the process steps describedherein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used inplace of or in combination with software instructions.

The main memory 506, the ROM 508, and/or the storage device 510 mayinclude non-transitory storage media. The term “non-transitory media,”and similar terms, as used herein refers to media that store data and/orinstructions that cause a machine to operate in a specific fashion, themedia excludes transitory signals. Such non-transitory media maycomprise non-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile mediaincludes, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device510. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 506.Common forms of non-transitory media include, for example, a floppydisk, a flexible disk, hard disk, solid state drive, magnetic tape, orany other magnetic data storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical datastorage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, aPROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, NVRAM, any other memory chip orcartridge, and networked versions of the same.

The computer system 500 also includes a network interface 518 coupled tobus 502. Network interface 518 provides a two-way data communicationcoupling to one or more network links that are connected to one or morelocal networks. For example, network interface 518 may be an integratedservices digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or amodem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding typeof telephone line. As another example, network interface 518 may be alocal area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connectionto a compatible LAN (or WAN component to communicate with a WAN).Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation,network interface 518 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic oroptical signals that carry digital data streams representing varioustypes of information.

The computer system 500 can send messages and receive data, includingprogram code, through the network(s), network link and network interface518. In the Internet example, a server might transmit a requested codefor an application program through the Internet, the ISP, the localnetwork and the network interface 518.

The received code may be executed by processor(s) 504 as it is received,and/or stored in storage device 510, or other non-volatile storage forlater execution.

Each of the processes, methods, and algorithms described in thepreceding sections may be embodied in, and fully or partially automatedby, code modules executed by one or more computer systems or computerprocessors comprising computer hardware. The processes and algorithmsmay be implemented partially or wholly in application-specificcircuitry.

The various features and processes described above may be usedindependently of one another, or may be combined in various ways. Allpossible combinations and sub-combinations are intended to fall withinthe scope of this disclosure. In addition, certain method or processblocks may be omitted in some implementations. The methods and processesdescribed herein are also not limited to any particular sequence, andthe blocks or states relating thereto can be performed in othersequences that are appropriate. For example, described blocks or statesmay be performed in an order other than that specifically disclosed, ormultiple blocks or states may be combined in a single block or state.The exemplary blocks or states may be performed in serial, in parallel,or in some other manner. Blocks or states may be added to or removedfrom the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The exemplary systems andcomponents described herein may be configured differently thandescribed. For example, elements may be added to, removed from, orrearranged compared to the disclosed exemplary embodiments.

The various operations of exemplary methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by an algorithm. The algorithm may becomprised in program codes or instructions stored in a memory (e.g., anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium described above). Suchalgorithm may comprise a machine learning algorithm. In someembodiments, a machine learning algorithm may not explicitly programcomputers to perform a function, but can learn from training data tomake a predictions model that performs the function.

The various operations of exemplary methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented enginesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions describedherein.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors beingan example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations ofa method may be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented engines. Moreover, the one or more processors mayalso operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a“cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS).For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a groupof computers (as examples of machines including processors), with theseoperations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and viaone or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an Application ProgramInterface (API)).

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed amongthe processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployedacross a number of machines. In some exemplary embodiments, theprocessors or processor-implemented engines may be located in a singlegeographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an officeenvironment, or a server farm). In other exemplary embodiments, theprocessors or processor-implemented engines may be distributed across anumber of geographic locations.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in exemplaryconfigurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component.Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single componentmay be implemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of thesubject matter herein.

Although an overview of the subject matter has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments, various modifications andchanges may be made to these embodiments without departing from thebroader scope of embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodimentsof the subject matter may be referred to herein, individually orcollectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and withoutintending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to anysingle disclosure or concept if more than one is, in fact, disclosed.

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: obtaining, by one or morenodes, a plurality of commitment values corresponding to one or moredata inputs and one or more data outputs of a transaction, a basepointused to generate the plurality of commitment values, and a parameter,wherein the one or more data inputs respectively correspond to one ormore input data types, and the one or more data outputs respectivelycorrespond to one or more output data types; generating, by the one ormore nodes, a plurality of unverified differences based on the pluralityof commitment values; generating, by the one or more nodes, a hash valuebased on the plurality of unverified differences; generating, by the oneor more nodes, a plurality of polynomials based on the plurality ofunverified differences and the hash value; and determining, by the oneor more nodes, that the one or more input data types are consistent withthe one or more output data types by determining that a sum of theplurality of polynomials matches a product of the parameter and thebasepoint, without receiving plaintexts of the one or more input datatypes and the one or more output data types; and adding, by the one ormore nodes, the transaction to a blockchain.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein: the plurality of commitment values are generated based at leaston respectively committing, by a different node, hash values of theinput data types and the output data types according to a commitmentscheme based on the basepoint and a plurality of blinding factors. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein the commitment scheme comprises aPedersen commitment.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein: the one or morenodes and the different node are nodes of a same blockchain computernetwork; and the one or more nodes are configured to add transactions tothe blockchain through consensus verification.
 5. The method of claim 2,wherein the parameter is generated, by the different node, based atleast on (1) the plurality of blinding factors and (2) a hash value of aconcatenation of a plurality of differences respectively between aplurality of pairs of the commitment values.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein: the one or more data inputs form an ordered input seriesstarting from a first data input; the one or more data outputs form anordered output series starting from a first data output; and theplurality of differences respectively between the plurality of pairs ofthe commitment values comprise one or more differences betweencommitment values corresponding to every two neighboring data inputs inthe ordered input series, one or more differences between commitmentvalues corresponding to every two neighboring data outputs in theordered output series, and a difference between commitment valuescorresponding to the first data input and the first data output.
 7. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the parameter is generated, by the differentnode, based on the hash value of the concatenation of the plurality ofdifferences respectively between the plurality of pairs of thecommitment values, one or more differences between blinding factorscorresponding to every two neighboring data inputs in the ordered inputseries, one or more differences between blinding factors correspondingto every two neighboring data outputs in the ordered output series, anda difference between blinding factors corresponding to the first datainput and the first data output.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theplurality of unverified differences correspond to differences between aplurality of pairs of the commitment values.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein generating, by the one or more nodes, the hash value based onthe plurality of unverified differences comprises: hashing, by the oneor more nodes, a concatenation of the plurality of unverifieddifferences.
 10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring instructions executable by one or more processors, whereinexecution of the instructions causes the one or more processors toperform operations comprising: obtaining a plurality of commitmentvalues corresponding to one or more data inputs and one or more dataoutputs of a transaction, a basepoint used to generate the plurality ofcommitment values, and a parameter, wherein the one or more data inputsrespectively correspond to one or more input data types, and the one ormore data outputs respectively correspond to one or more output datatypes; generating a plurality of unverified differences based on theplurality of commitment values; generating a hash value based on theplurality of unverified differences; generating a plurality ofpolynomials based on the plurality of unverified differences and thehash value; and determining that the one or more input data types areconsistent with the one or more output data types by determining that asum of the plurality of polynomials matches a product of the parameterand the basepoint, without receiving plaintexts of the one or more inputdata types and the one or more output data types; and adding thetransaction to a blockchain.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 10, wherein: the plurality of commitment valuesare generated based at least on respectively committing, by a node, hashvalues of the input data types and the output data types according to acommitment scheme based on the basepoint and a plurality of blindingfactors.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 11, wherein the commitment scheme comprises a Pedersen commitment.13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11,wherein adding the transaction to the blockchain comprises: adding thetransaction to the blockchain through consensus verification.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein theparameter is generated, by the node, based at least on (1) the pluralityof blinding factors and (2) a hash value of a concatenation of aplurality of differences respectively between a plurality of pairs ofthe commitment values.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 14, wherein: the one or more data inputs form an orderedinput series starting from a first data input; the one or more dataoutputs form an ordered output series starting from a first data output;and the plurality of differences respectively between the plurality ofpairs of the commitment values comprise one or more differences betweencommitment values corresponding to every two neighboring data inputs inthe ordered input series, one or more differences between commitmentvalues corresponding to every two neighboring data outputs in theordered output series, and a difference between commitment valuescorresponding to the first data input and the first data output.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein theparameter is generated, by the node, based on the hash value of theconcatenation of the plurality of differences respectively between theplurality of pairs of the commitment values, one or more differencesbetween blinding factors corresponding to every two neighboring datainputs in the ordered input series, one or more differences betweenblinding factors corresponding to every two neighboring data outputs inthe ordered output series, and a difference between blinding factorscorresponding to the first data input and the first data output.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein theplurality of unverified differences correspond to differences between aplurality of pairs of the commitment values.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein generating thehash value based on the plurality of unverified differences comprises:hashing a concatenation of the plurality of unverified differences. 19.A system comprising one or more processors and one or morenon-transitory computer-readable memories coupled to the one or moreprocessors and configured with instructions executable by the one ormore processors to cause the system to perform operations comprising:obtaining a plurality of commitment values corresponding to one or moredata inputs and one or more data outputs of a transaction, a basepointused to generate the plurality of commitment values, and a parameter,wherein the one or more data inputs respectively correspond to one ormore input data types, and the one or more data outputs respectivelycorrespond to one or more output data types; generating a plurality ofunverified differences based on the plurality of commitment values;generating a hash value based on the plurality of unverifieddifferences; generating a plurality of polynomials based on theplurality of unverified differences and the hash value; and determiningthat the one or more input data types are consistent with the one ormore output data types by determining that a sum of the plurality ofpolynomials matches a product of the parameter and the basepoint,without receiving plaintexts of the one or more input data types and theone or more output data types; and adding the transaction to ablockchain.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein generating the hashvalue based on the plurality of unverified differences comprises:hashing a concatenation of the plurality of unverified differences.